Charles Darwin s Theory Of Evolution - 1714 Words

â€Å"Survival of the fittest† is one of the greatest concepts discussed by Charles Darwin (who is known as the father of evolution) and which has also affected many species throughout the world over the years, including us! As presented in his theory of evolution, Charles Darwin explains how those with advantageous traits will be able to better survive than their fellow counterparts. In other words, organisms with traits best suited for their environment will have higher chances of surviving than those without those certain traits. According to The Living Environment Holt textbook it states â€Å"For example, he suggested that all of the finch species descended from one ancestral finch species that migrated from South America. Then, the descendant†¦show more content†¦However, something too big, like the pliers, would most likely be hard to use too, as they’re somewhat robust. Finally, tweezers are not too big or too small, making them easier to use and proba bly more efficient at picking up small seeds. Moreover, the website http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2006/07/how-darwins-finches-got-their-beaks/ states â€Å"The warbler finch boasts a thin, sharp beak best suited for spearing insects. Ground finches’ shorter, more robust beaks are adapted for eating seeds found on the ground. Those of cactus finches are shaped for getting seeds from cacti.† From these one can see that finches with a beak structure like that of the cactus finch (or tweezers) will probably be best suited for small seeds (which might resemble cacti seeds). Materials: 1. 1 small plastic dish or cup 2. 1 large non-breakable dish 3. 1 tool to serve as beak 4. Large seeds (such as lima beans) 5. Small seeds (such as lentils) Procedure: 1. First, we had to form groups of 2 (in some cases 3). 2. We received our lab packets and answered the first 2 questions, meanwhile our science teacher was distributing materials. 3. Later on, she came around with a cup that contained pieces of paper with a number written on them (my science partner and I randomly chose number 5, which out of all possible things, was the chopsticks). 4. Then we wrote a brief descriptionShow MoreRelatedCharles Darwin s Theory Of Evolution984 Words   |  4 PagesCharles Robert Darwin was a British man who became one of the greatest contributors to the study of evolution. He was a naturalist who was able to develop a theory of evolution based on biological changes that he witnessed occurring in varieties of samples on his travels all around the world. Charles Darwin is valuable in science history, simply because he was the first geologists who had come the closest for closing the gap on how and why biological changes occurred. The naturalist and geologistRead MoreCharles Darwin s Theory Of Evolution801 Words   |  4 PagesThe theory of Evolution is one of the greatest intellectual revolutions of human history. It can drastically change our perception of the world and our place in it. Charles Darwin created a coherent theory of evolution and amassed a great body of evidence in support of this theory. During this time, most scientists fully believed that each organism and adaptation was the work of the creator. A fellow scientist Carl Linnaeus created a system of classifications that we still use today. Charles RobertRead MoreCharles Darwin s Theory On Evolution Essay1074 Words   |  5 Pagesand how did life start, along with the creation of the universe and Earth? Charles Darwin’s theory on evolution, which is called natural selection, is based on the idea of species naturally adapting to their surrounding environment to better the species chances for survival. Creationism, on the other hand, is the belief that the universe and living organisms originate from specific acts of divine creation. Both are theories on life, and how such life came to be thing we all know. It is not the strongestRead MoreCharles Darwin s Theory Of Evolution1750 Words   |  7 PagesCharles Darwin is remembered for his theory of evolution. Much controversy surrounds Darwin s theory. Questions abound. Is evolution a four billion year old process, creating life forms primarily at random but each shaped by an ever-changing and complex environment, that has resulted in all of the wondrous life forms that surround us? Or are all of those beautiful elements of our nature, along with the vastness and majesty of the entire universe, a creation of an intellect of vast intelligence andRead MoreCharles Darwin s Theory Of Evolution1055 Words   |  5 Pages Charles Darwin was an English naturalist and geologist, he was known greater for his contributions for the evolution theory. Darwin wrote a book in 1859 it was published and became the greatest and well known book. The name of the book was â€Å"On the Origin of Species†. In the book he wrote about his theory of evolution by natural selection, he discovered how the process of how organisms change as time goes on. Changes in traits and the organism’s physical behavior. Darwin believe change happensRead MoreCharles Darwin s Theory Of Evolution951 Words   |  4 Pagesmore vigorously than in America’s public school science classrooms. Of particular concern for school administrators and the educators whom they supervise, are the repeated efforts of Christian fundamentalists to replace the teaching of Charles Darwin’s Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection with Biblical Creationism. During the past ninety years, many legal cases have further defined the bo undary of that wall of separation. In response, the methods employed by the proponents of Biblical CreationismRead MoreCharles Darwin s Theory Of Evolution1737 Words   |  7 PagesThe theory of evolution is one of the great intellectual revolutions of human history, drastically changing our perception of the world and of our place in it. Charles Darwin put forth a coherent theory of evolution and amassed a great body of evidence in support of this theory. In Darwin s time, most scientists fully believed that each organism and each adaptation was the work of the creator. Linneaus established the system of biological classification that we use today, and did so in the spiritRead MoreCharles Darwin s Theory Of Evolution1957 Words   |  8 Pagesdiscusses the theory of evolution in detail. Topics this paper will address include defining the theory of evolution and explaining how the theory has evolved over time, as well as highlighting the strengths and weaknesses of the theory and e xamining how effective the theory is in today’s world. I. Description of the theory The theory of evolution sets forth an explanation of how all of the living species on Earth came to be. The theory as we know it today, written by Charles Darwin, states thatRead MoreCharles Darwin s Theory Of Evolution2319 Words   |  10 PagesCharles Darwin is commonly known for writing On the Origin of Species, published in 1859. Based on his findings, Darwin concluded to â€Å"the theory of evolution, [by which] is the process of which organisms change over time as a result of changes in heritable or behavioral traits† (Than, 2015). Certain changes that occurred in the organism s’ environment allowed it to evolve, survive, and produce offspring with those developed traits. He recorded his findings while aboard the second voyage of H.M.SRead MoreCharles Darwin s Theory Of Evolution Essay2312 Words   |  10 Pages Darwin and his Followers Charles Darwin is one of the most well known names in the United States for good reason. His theory of evolution through natural selection was not only revolutionary in the scientific world, but were also applied to society by some of his followers in this country. Some of these applications were beneficial to society while others simply allowed people to use his teachings for their own goals. While not apparent at first, Darwin does believe in a meaning in life similar

Whether a Cut in Corp Tax Rate be Beneficial Essay

Whether a Cut in Corp Tax Rate be Beneficial Doesn’t everyone want to keep what he/she has earned? It has always been somewhat tradition for Americans to work hard for their money, only to see some of it squandered away come tax time. Wouldn’t a tax cut, for some, be like a divine, heavenly grace? As the year 2001 unfolds and George W. Bush begins his presidency, income tax rates have, in fact, become a concern. President Bush is pushing for an income tax bill that will reduce the tax brackets from 15%, 28%, 31%, 36%, and 39.6% to a new bracket in 2006 of 10%, 15%, 25%, and 33%. A cut in individual income taxes would benefit most Americans and is well deserved. However, there is no plan to cut the corporate tax rates yet. A†¦show more content†¦If the risk is too great and a feeling of uneasiness sets in on Wall Street, investors may begin to sell that firm’s stock, dropping the market price per share and possibly the value of the firm itself. The reaso ning? Simple: if the price of the share decreases, then there is a possibility that when the time came for a favorable risk adjustment, investors would be paying a lower price per share than the firm is really worth. The amount of equity that they would receive from their outstanding shares would decrease. Also, if the tax rates rise and the company has been deemed riskier than before, some insiders may begin to sell their shares of the firm. When this hits the market, it sends a negative signal to investors to sell, which will dump excessive shares onto the market. Conversely, if the degree of risk is not in excessive measures, investors might purchase more shares in hopes that the increased risk will yield a higher rate of return; a classic example of the risk-return trade-off. Along with market performance, a firm may need to adapt its financial activities as well. These activities all relate to the way the firm is organized, in particular, its capital structure. Included in capital structure is the aspect of convertible bonds. These bonds can be converted to a specified amount of common stock. The downside of these convertible stocks and bonds is that they have the potential of diluting the Earnings Per Share (EPS)Show MoreRelatedTimken Case Study Essay4797 Words   |  20 Pagesflow analysis using WACC to calculate the value of Torrington worth with synergies. The value turned out to be more than the estimated minimum value of the target. The final recommendation is to proceed with the acquisition as planed which would be beneficial to the Timken. 1. Introduction Timken was considering expanding and they sought Torrington Company from Ingersoll- Rand as a worthy acquisition. Timken and Torrington share similar business operations and Timken thought with the combined 100Read MoreBuckwold Chapter 11 Solutions10718 Words   |  43 Pagesrather than from the sale of shares at a profit.† Is this statement true? Explain. 6. â€Å"A shareholder may have a primary relationship as well as secondary relationships with the corporation. The difference between the two relationships relates to the tax treatment of income flows between the corporation and the shareholder.† Explain. 7. Corporations and individuals determine their taxable income in different ways. What are the differences? 8. How are the net capital losses and non-capital lossesRead MoreThorough Business Enterprises Outline Essay18871 Words   |  76 Pages1. Superimposed on obligations contained in the contract iii. Statutes 1. Vary depending on type of business entity 2. Regarding internal governance, liability, tax iv. Regulatory law 1. Including federal and state securities law v. Tort law vi. Environmental law vii. Labor / employmentRead MoreEssay about Sealed Air Case3274 Words   |  14 PagesSealed Air Corp. Leveraged Recapitalization (1989) Case Study Abstract The following report outlines the basics of a leveraged recapitalization, the benefits and consequences of a leveraged recapitalization, and ultimately Gator Consulting’s recommendations for when and how to use leveraged recapitalization. Much of this discussion is explained by citing a case study involving Sealed Air Corporation as a way to demonstrate a specific positive instance in the use of leveraged recapitalizationRead MoreIjm Land16824 Words   |  68 Pages3%) and rendering of other services (0.2%). Moreover, The Group’s revenue and profit were steady increase year by year and the demand was increasing because of the ETP and the economics of Malaysia such as GDP has growing steady while the inflation rate also remain moderated. In line with the stable economic environment, improved labour market conditions and rising inflationary fears, the property market continued on a growth trend that only moderated towards the end of the year. In 2011, the MalaysianRead MoreMerger and Acquisition Case18720 Words   |  75 Pages1997, trucks, including minivans, accounted for about two-thirds of Chrysler’s vehicle sales in the United States and cars accounted for about one-third. Chrysler’s trucks included sport-utility vehicles, such as the Jeep 3 4 John Pepper, â€Å"Why Eaton Cut the Deal,† Detroit News, 7 May 1998, http://www.detnews.com. Susan E. Kuhn, â€Å"Auto Stocks: Today’s Big Steal,† Fortune (25 November 1996): 204–205. -3- UV0085 Wrangler, Jeep Cherokee, and the Dodge Durango; pick-up trucks such as the Dodge Ram; andRead MoreCountrywide Subprime Lending Crisis4911 Words   |  20 Pagesborrowers pay premium above the prime market rate in order to compensate the lender for bearing greater default risk. In addition, subprime borrowers pay higher origination and continuous costs, such as applications fees, appraisal fees, mortgage insurance payments, late fees and fines for delinquent payments. Subprime Mortgage market Since mid 1990s, the subprime mortgage market has grown rapidly experiencing a phenomenal 23% compound annual growth rate to 2006. The total subprime loan originationsRead MoreRisk Management10258 Words   |  42 PagesDerivatives, as a risk management tool, are only a small part of the integrated risk management process. Moreover, a proper risk management strategy does not involve speculation, or betting on the future price of oil, corn, currencies, or interest rates, and indeed is antithetical to such speculation. Instead, the goal of integrated risk management is to maximize value by shaping the firms risk profile, shedding some risks, while retaining others. 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By applying and comparing DCF, SOP and Real Options based valuation methodologies with the aims of establishing both, an absolute share price value and relative value for the sample representatives of for Exxon Mobil Corp and BP Plc, the paper highlights key input parameters for each methodology and discusses the key differences in the outputs of the models. The study finds that the market relies on the Discounted Cash flow Valuation methodology and that the Real Option

Music And Children With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity...

Music and Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Abstract These are some of the reason that compelled me to choose this topic and focus on music as therapy for children with ADHD. Medical Aspect of Music as Therapy for ADHD Music has been seen to help many children with learning disabilities as it activates the brain so extensively helping the kid to focus. Music therapy has been found to help the victims of brain trauma and children with ADHD. For the children with ADHD, music is seen to bolster their attention and focus as well as reducing hyperactivity and more importantly strengthening their social skills. Normally, in children who have ADHD, dopamine is in low supply. Music is one of the social aspects that can help a†¦show more content†¦It makes the affected children restless and almost continuously active. The research as to what causes ADHD is still ongoing with scientist suggesting some factors such as genes, exposure to environmental toxins for example increased level of lead at an early age, and brain injuries. The symp toms associated with this condition include inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. â€Å"It is a condition that has affected the learning and concentration of many children in school since it is characterized by students making careless mistakes in school work, problems in sustaining attention and the difficulty to follow instructions given† (National Institutes of Health, 2016). These are some of the reason that compelled me to choose the topic and focus on music as therapy for children with ADHD. One of that main reasons why I took interest in this topic was finding out one of my nephews was diagnosed with ADHD. Having a first had look at ADHD is difficult, teaching in a classroom of eight children who were diagnosed with ADHD was already normal for me, but once you see it change the life of one of your loved ones was one of the hardest things my family has encountered. He was prescribed 10 milligrams of Focalin, which is used as a stimulant for the central nervous s ystem. This medication is used to treat ADHD, but it has a few harsh side effects which include loss of appetite, fevers, and stomach pain. Observing my nephew on this new medicationShow MoreRelated Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Essay1555 Words   |  7 PagesAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a developmental disorder that displays as distracted, hyperactive, and unable to focus on tasks and activities. Also known as Hyperkinetic Impulse Disorder, Hyperkinesis, Hyperactive Syndrome, Minimal Brain Damage, Minimal Brain Dysfunction, and Undifferentiated Deficit Disorder, ADHD is the most commonly diagnosed neurological disorder in children. Although many children with ADHD are quite intelligent, their lack of focus can frequently lead toRead MoreThe Problem Of A Medical Disorder Essay1266 Words   |  6 Pagesplaying. Texts incoming. Phone calls ringing. Music streaming. In today’s entertainment heavy and device rich world, today’s youth have more choices as to where in to invest their focus. As a result of these plentiful distractions, misconceptions and lores are developing around the actual, factual instances of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder among today’s young learners. Regardless of what these public beliefs suggest, research on the disorder and the scientific method has more substantialRead MoreThe Behavior Therapy For Children With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder At School1216 Words   |  5 PagesThe Behavior Therapy for Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder at school By : Sarah Alharbi Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), is one of the most well-known behavioral disorder in children (Madhuri 2015), Which estimated all year at about 3–10% between children worldwide. A.D.H.D is more commonly observed in boys five times more than girls ( Jonna 2006). There is no doubt that ADHD children exacts an enormous burden on society in terms of financial cost, stressRead MoreAdhd Study992 Words   |  4 PagesA pilot randomized controlled study was conducted to determine the effect of a jump rope and ball combined exercise program on the physical fitness the neurotransmitters level of children with the ADHD. Participants were 12 boys, whose grade level ranged from 1-4. Program consisted of 6 wks exercise which included 10 mts warm-up, 40 mts main exercise and 10 mts cool down performed for three times a week, for a total of 12 weeks. Exercise group showed a significant improvement in cardio-respiratoryRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder1284 Words   |  6 PagesThe DSM-5, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, is a diagnostic tool used in the United States for psychiatric diagnosis. One of these disorders is Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and according to the DSM-5, there are two manifestations. These are: social intera ction and communication as well as restricted, repetitive, stereotyped behaviors and interests. Deficits in social communication include social-emotional reciprocity, nonverbal communicative behaviors and social relationshipsRead MoreEssay about How School Systems Deal With ADD and ADHD1407 Words   |  6 Pagessp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;29 May 03 Research Paper How the Barstow Unified School District Deals with Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD) And Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (AD/HD) I believe that children are our future Teach them well and let them lead the way Show them all the beauty they possess inside Give them a sense of pride to make it easier Let the children’s laughter remind us how we usedRead MoreThe Most Common Mental Health Problem Of Children Today1713 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"You really should pay more attention to your work, son; and sit down somewhere. You’re moving too much!† He dreads the repetition in this statement, as it endorses such a daunting task for a young boy like him. In his slighted moments of weakness, the idea of paying more attention can seem so unfathomable that the suggestion alone can be viewed as an insult to his condition. A mental debilitation rendering our young child to the instinct of a baby cub, a bear or lion maybe. A playful geniusRead MoreNeurodevelopmental and Neurocognitive Disorders Essay1706 Words   |  7 PagesNeurodevelopmental and Neurocognitive Disorders Until the twentieth century, little account was taken of the special characteristics of psychopathology in children; maladaptive patterns considered relatively specific to childhood, such as autism, received virtually no attention at all (Butcher Hooley, 2014). Today there is more attention paid to children with maladaptive behaviors and scientific research has been done that demands more attention is paid to specific childrens behaviors, not theRead More Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder (ADHD) Essay3250 Words   |  13 Pagesused the term hyperactivity. The notion is a modern one: there were no hyperactive children 50 to 60 years ago. Today, if anything, the term is applied too often and too widely. The American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (AACAP) estimates that all teachers have in their classrooms at least one child with ADHD (Simmons, RG. 1993).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Actually, hyperactivity is not one particular condition: it is â€Å"a set of behaviors† such as excessive restlessness and short attention span that areRead MoreEssay about Television is NOT the Sole Cause of Violence in Children1115 Words   |  5 PagesViolence in Children Is Not Just From TV Most parents expect a four year old to be very active and zealous, but never violent. However, some children exhibit violent behavior, such as running around the playground kicking, karate chopping and biting other children. The following example is based on personal experience. In 1997 this was the case with a family in Georgia who had a son with these behavioral problems. The parents took their child to counseling in order to figure out what the problem

Accountability of the Anp free essay sample

Over the last few years there has been a precipitous change in the delivery of healthcare within the National Health Service (NHS), which inevitably brought about modification of the nursing role and an adaptation in the professional nursing competencies. It was recognised that vital health improvements that the NHS required could not be made without the advancement of nursing skills and roles (Walsh amp; Crumbie 2003). In the early 1980s the nurse practitioner’s role was first introduced into general practice, the role has now further developed and changed. Advanced Nurse Practitioners (ANPs) are now working in diverse and varied roles within the National Health Service (Crumbie 2008). By accepting new areas of responsibility and accountability requires more from the advanced practitioner than simply a change of uniform and title. There is a need to safeguard the quality in the development and implementation of these roles and continuous evaluation of their success (Whiteing 2008). Since the 1980s there has been considerable amount written in nursing literature regarding the measurement and maintenance of quality nursing care and with the introduction of Clinical Governance (DOH 1998) and the NHS Plan (DOH 2000) the UK government has made it a quality high on the political agenda. The role of advanced nurse practitioner has developed over recent years to provide a high quality and cost effective care, but at times has caused confusion regarding title, professional boundaries and educational obligations which brings about the question of clinical accountability and the advanced nurse practitioner (Griffin amp; Mebly 2005). The Oxford Dictionary (1995) defines the term ‘accountable’ as being ‘responsible; required to account for one’s conduct, and is an integral part of professional practice (NMC 2006b). Accountability can be perceived as being an elevated activity to that of responsibility, as it requires not only designation of who is responsible of an action but also need for the individual who carries out the task is able to give an account, reason and or an explanation for their action. As the enhancement of advanced practice progresses, the ANPs could find themselves in a situation where they are solely responsible for a patient caseload without alternative medical input, although these situations are innovative and unusual Pennel 2008 stresses that these situations exemplifies the level of accountability that could be ut upon the ANP, by performing a role of a medical consultant by maintaining absolute accountability for the patient’s clinical care. Clinical governance requires the ANP to be comprehensible in their judgement and decision-making, yet in some situations this could prove to be complicated for the ANP, since they may be fearful of being held responsible for the outcome of their decision. Currie and Loftus-Hills 2002), however Caulfield (2005) views accountability with a more positive outlook and states: ‘A wider view of accountability is that it is an inherent confidence as a professional that allows a nurse to take pride in being transparent about the way he or she has carried out their practice. This definition reviews accountability as positive element in the development and validation of competent practice. Cornock (2011) also comments that accountability can be perceived as being essential for monitoring when things are going right and therefore necessary to distribute that information for the benefit and to enhance the knowledge of others. Nuttall (1993) verifies that there is a link with accountability and autonomy, and argues that without autonomy the practitioner is unable to be accountable if they are unable to make a decision about their choice of action freely. The Oxford Dictionary (1995) suggests that autonomy gives independence and freedom from control. In order for the ANP to be autonomous they need to have the ownership of all the details and information, though education and communication, and have the authority to act as they see fit with proper mechanisms for measuring the outcomes, by carrying out audits for example. In the framework of the professional role the ANP would seemingly have the authority and autonomy to act in the patient’s best interest, having the ability to explain and justify why, conversely Walsh (2003) maintains that no clinician can be fully completely independent as ANPs work within a team, and alongside the patient’s involvement in the decision-making regarding their care. Consequently the ANP should examine the situation and consider alternative options that may be available, validate their knowledge and understanding of the possible outcomes of these options and decide the best course of action, to which they can justify their actions from their knowledge base (Marks-Maran 1993). ANPs are required to be able to explain the rationale that prompts their actions and the consequences that follow. An accountable ANP should not agree to carry out a task simply because they have been ask by a senior colleague has told them to. Nurses have been encouraged to question and challenge clinical decisions and not just following what is ordered by the doctor (Fletcher amp; Holt 1995), thus guiding professional judgement towards accountability (Watson 1992). In the eyes of the law inexperience is not a defence. If the ANP believes that they are not proficient the skills or ability for a task, at the standard that is required, it is their responsibility to decline the action or to obtain supervision from a senior medical colleague or their mentor (RCN 2010). ANP are accountable to their employers as agreed in their job description/framework and contract (Cox 2010) and is specific to their level of practice to ensure that practitioners are working within boundaries approved by their employers (Walsh 2003). As the working confines between healthcare practitioners modify, with ANPs taking on board several of the tasks formerly assumed to be the work of the doctor, while Health Care Assistants (HCAs) and assistant practitioners perform roles that were customarily carried out by registered nurses, inevitably some confusion arises as staff continue to grasp the effects of these modifications in their role (Mulryan 2009). The established legal advice is that a practitioner would be judged by the standard that are required for the post, for instance if an ANP is carry out a role that would historically have been considered a medical role; taking the patient’s history, carrying out the physical examination of the patient in order to obtain an interim diagnosis of the patient’s condition, and would be critiqued at a standard of a reasonably proficient doctor (RCN 2010). Therefore as the ANP develop the advanced practice of their role it may be prudent to focus on corresponding standards that is required of their medical counterparts. All these modifications continue against the setting of the general public beliefs of health care services and consequently the questions of risk management and legal accountability unavoidably come to pass (Cox 2010). It is reasonable therefore, to conclude that ANPs are personally and professionally accountable for their practice and as per se are obliged to make sure that they have the capability to take on and perform advanced practice actions to the similar paradigm as the person that would usually have been delegated with those actions, such as a doctor (Whiteing 2008), which bring to light the need of the ANPs to practise both within the law and to the same standards as doctors (DH 2002). As the ANP’s role develops into a more complex and demanding expectation, an increase in the amount of activities that were previously performed by the ANP have to be delegated to other members of the health care team. Delegation of such activities may have a legal implication upon the ANP if they inappropriately delegate a task or fail to supervise the delegated task (Whiteing 2008). The ANP should make sure that they are confident in the competencies of the individual who is delegated the task, and also ensure that sufficient supervision is offered to maintain the safety of the patient (Dimond 2003). With these advances the ANPs should reflect upon the professional, ethical and legal implication of their practice (Humphries amp; Masterson 1998). Poyser (1996) noted that with the expansion of advanced practice a greater legal and professional accountability has been distinguished, and therefore a higher level of responsibility is required in conjunction to the mounting complexities of the patient’s healthcare needs (Jones amp; Davies 1999). The Scope of Professional Practice present clear guidelines to those nurses who aspired to develop their role, and made certain that they accepted accountability for their own actions (NMC 2008). The recommendation for the professional and ethical practice of advanced nurse practitioners is the Code of professional conduct (NMC 2008). The essential principles in determining the susceptibility of advanced nurse practitioners are the degree of their self-governance (autonomy), their ability to take responsibility for their own actions (accountability), and their knowledge of the boundaries of their own practice (RCN 2010). For any advanced practice role to be effectively incorporated into a multidisciplinary team, clear and concise boundaries must be approved by the team, particularly by the medical colleagues, who must accept and support the role. By accepting and agreeing of advanced practice roles, members of the multidisciplinary team can understand when the ANP reaches a point that is beyond their area of expertise these colleagues then can understand that it would be professionally appropriate for the ANP to refer onwards to other colleagues, if the ANP believes it necessary (Pennel 2008). The ownership by ANP of credentials, recording their capability to carry out extended nursing duties does not automatically suggest that they are competent in these skills (Crinson 1995); Fletcher and Holt (1995) state, such certificates have ‘never provided blanket immunity from legal liability’. The NMC are also clear on the matter that nurses are personally accountable for their professional conduct (NMC 2002a). Complications may occur if ANPs are unprepared for their scope of practice, with inadequate knowledge and skills to accomplish their role (Whiteing 2008). As a result it is vital for the ANP to have a clear definition of the scope of their working practice. Identification of possibilities and limitations of their practice should also be defined and documented clearly (Furlong amp; Smith 2005) along with advice and from the ANPs designated mentor during clinical supervision sessions. Chalmers and Bond (1997), and Doyal (1998) argue that extended roles that involve high levels of autonomy are deficient in the educational preparation for their practice, Walsh and Crumbie (2003), maintain that there are inconsistencies in the training of practitioners, with some courses involving only a few days of study and others being undertaking their education at a masters level to fulfil their competencies to practice as an ANP. Considerable amount of the uncertainty and ambiguity has resulted from the modernization of delivery of healthcare, and developments of ‘new nursing roles’, Cox 2010 believes that these issues would be reduced or disregarded if the employing organisations and the educational bodies reduced the gap with appropriate standardisation training of ANP. Inappropriate educational preparation, of the ANPs and their employers could be vulnerable to accusations if the educational framework of advanced practice is lacking (Tye 1997). By developing a framework for ANPs, such as, Framework for Advanced Nursing, Midwifery and Allied Health Professional Practice in Wales (NLIAH 2008), gives clarity to what is expected of an advanced practitioner in the terms of defining the role, education, workforce planning, regulation and governance requirements of the ANP in Wales. Nurse educators should be obliged to comprehend the future role of the ANPs in the administration of healthcare, by delivering the correct training to accomplish appropriate preparation, education and demonstrated competence to be practice as a proficient and skilled clinical practitioner (Furlong and Smith 2005). NMC (2007) recommended that educational programmes addressing advanced practice should make precise core and specific competencies for the role of the ANP. Hamric et al. 2000) additional states that master’s degree program for the ANP should include: advanced nursing practice, pharmacology, pathology, physiology, advanced physical assessment skills, research, leadership, quality improvement and case management. The Department of Health (2010) envisage that nurses who are working in an advanced role should complete their education at a Masters level or its equivalent, and the development requirements be identified and supported through ongoing appraisals, performance review in conjunction with a robust clinical supervision framework. A key feature in any education program for advanced nursing practice is that of suitably supervision Dunn (1998) although it is recognized that it is often carried out through personally directed refection it of consequence that the ANP shows that reflective practice has been carried out. Pennel (2008) suggests that it would be responsible practice to seek clinical supervision by the most appropriate senior colleague, for the appropriate situation, so as to maintain safe practice. As well as developing a program that recognizes advanced practice knowledge and skills that are common practice to all ANPs, Furlong and Smith (2005) note that distinguishing the specialist component is essential to provide the clinical expertise for the ANP in their specialty as they are required to implement an advanced level of judgment and decision-making in their clinical environment. Consequently, advanced nursing practice requires a distinctive kind of advanced knowledge, one that is identified as knowing in practice that allows modifications and transformations in order to tackle significant matters that are viewed to be valuable and worthwhile (Callahan 2007). The NHS has historically been regarded as a place of care and security for patients, but in recent years this institution has been stunned by the national and local enquiries of the nursing profession in the clinical environment somewhat lacking with regards patient care (Allan amp; Dennis 2010). Increasing complaints about poor attitudes and the unavailability of nurses to provide essential care of patients may be due to the lack of leadership at the ward level and above (Healthcare Commission 2009, CQC 2010, Cox 2010). According to David Nicholson NHS Chief Executive (2009) leadership is essential in the provision of high quality care and clinical leaders should be supported to drive this transformation both locally and across the NHS organizational boundaries. Dr Peter Carter, RCN General Secretary also noted that senior nurses have a responsibility to oversee patient care on a ward. The author believes that this is also true for the ANP as they need to implement their accountability and to act as role models in terms of the values, attitudes and behavior that are vital to nurses. Local evaluations have highlighted the importance of the ANP in augmenting the responsiveness and the efficiency in the stipulation of healthcare and the overall quality of patient care (RCN 2010). The future delivery of health care is a national in challenge for healthcare leaders, and the role of the ANP as a key player is recognized in the drive for a more effective healthcare through their ability to negotiate matters of health and social wellbeing in a diversity of clinical settings, that offers an opportunity to inaugurate nursing roles that are proficient in delivering, as Lowe et al (2010) explains, â€Å"the most appropriate care, in the most efficient manner and in the most suitable setting. As nursing practice has and continues to change from being task orientated to a team nursing approach that incorporate a holistic framework with the ANP accepting the role as a clinical leader by the very nature of the role. However the role of the ANP in the eyes of some critics is that it has arisen from the reduction in the working hours of junior doctors (Carroll 2002, Smith 2003), and could be argued that the role has been developed out of obligation and not from the necessity of professional autonomy in nursing. Barton (2011) concurs that the reality of reduction of working hours and problems in recruitment and retention of junior doctors, together with the deficiency of continuity due to doctor’s clinical rotation, are well understood and the development of advanced nursing practice has, to some extent, been goaded by these issues, though the nursing profession maintain that the development of advanced practice is of a nursing uniqueness (Hodges 2009, O’Brien et al. 009). Callaghan (2007) argues that ANPs inspire and encourage their team to become proficient and competent in the development of their practice, by sharing their knowledge and expertise rather than allowing habitual nursing practice, by personal, professional leadership in individual decision-making or by involving management teams. The encouragement of innovation and change in practice are fundamental qualities of the ANPs in being efficient and effective clinical leaders (Sofarelli amp; Brown 1998) and is commonly seen in provisions of leading a team or being one of the senior members of the team. This is displayed in decisions related to the priority of care, entrusting responsibilities to team members and the supervision of team members and therefore appropriate delegation of their team. Advanced Nurse Practitioners should able to identify their own and others’ clinical progress needs and take efficient measures to address them. ANPs are expected to have implemented a wide range of educational and developmental opportunities that are presented to achieve their advancement in the role, the Department of Health’s Advanced Level Nursing; A Position Statement (2010) suggests that this is not only carried out through formal education but also from the ANP’s own individual practice and the entities they work with. While is it vital to protect patients and public interest, it is essential to have statutory rights prepared to protect the professional interests of the ANP, and by doing so strengthening the role ANP as an effective clinical leader with self-assurance, mettle and belief in developing their nursing teams (DOH 2010). There is ample literature reviews presented with the confusion surrounding the role of the ANP, Mantzoukas and Watkinson (2006) propose that much of this confusion has been substantiated by the interchange-ability of nursing roles, even when the identical titles are used it does not automatically mean that the comprehension that the preparation and practice performance of the ANP are the same. As a result ANPs need to require their attainment of practice autonomy by having a clear understanding of their professional integrity and professional boundaries, within the multidisciplinary team, and give careful consideration to what applies in their particular role, so attaining their accountability to practice as an advanced nurse practitioner.